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Turkish poet, novelist, literary scholar, and essayist. Regarded as one of the most important representatives of modernism in Turkish literature. Member of the Turkish Parliament between 1944 and 1946.
Augustine of Hippo (; Latin: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian, philosopher, and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings influenced the development of Western philosophy and Western Christianity, and he is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers of the Latin Church in the Patristic Period. His many important works include The City of God, On Christian Doctrine, and Confessions.
According to his contemporary, Jerome, Augustine "established anew the ancient Faith". In his youth he was drawn to the major Persian religion, Manichaeism, and later to Neoplatonism. After his conversion to Christianity and baptism in 386, Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and perspectives. Believing the grace of Christ was indispensable to human freedom, he helped formulate the doctrine of original sin and made significant contributions to the development of just war theory. When the Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate, Augustine imagined the Church as a spiritual City of God, distinct from the material Earthly City. His thoughts profoundly influenced the medieval worldview. The segment of the Church that adhered to the concept of the Trinity as defined by the Council of Nicaea and the Council of Constantinople closely identified with Augustine's On the Trinity.
Augustine is recognized as a saint in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. He is also a preeminent Catholic Doctor of the Church and the patron of the Augustinians. His memorial is celebrated on 28 August, the day of his death. Augustine is the patron saint of brewers, printers, theologians, and a number of cities and dioceses. Many Protestants, especially Calvinists and Lutherans, consider him one of the theological fathers of the Protestant Reformation due to his teachings on salvation and divine grace. Protestant Reformers generally, and Martin Luther in particular, held Augustine in preeminence among early Church Fathers. Luther was, from 1505 to 1521, a member of the Order of the Augustinian Eremites.
In the East, his teachings are more disputed and were notably attacked by John Romanides. But other theologians and figures of the Eastern Orthodox Church have shown significant approbation of his writings, chiefly Georges Florovsky. The most controversial doctrine associated with him, the filioque, was rejected by the Orthodox Church. Other disputed teachings include his views on original sin, the doctrine of grace, and predestination. Nevertheless, though considered to be mistaken on some points, he is still considered a saint and has influenced some Eastern Church Fathers, most notably Gregory Palamas. In the Orthodox Church his feast day is celebrated on 15 June. The historian Diarmaid MacCulloch has written: "Augustine's impact on Western Christian thought can hardly be overstated; only his beloved example, Paul of Tarsus, has been more influential, and Westerners have generally seen Paul through Augustine's eyes."
Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, social critic, and religious author. Widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher. Known for critical texts on organized religion, Christianity, morality, ethics, psychology, and the philosophy of religion. Emphasized concrete human reality, personal choice, and commitment.
Austrian philosopher known for his work in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. Considered by some to be the greatest philosopher of the 20th century.
Cardinal virtues, Form of the Good, Theory of forms, Divisions of the soul, Platonic love, Platonic solids
Raised in multiple countries including the Netherlands, Germany, Canada, and Morocco. Son of a diplomat with a background in consciousness and a belief that it applies to all animals.
British historian known for his work on the rise of industrial capitalism, socialism, and nationalism. Notable works include a tetralogy on the "long 19th century" and The Age of Extremes on the short 20th century.
Philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer. One of the most prominent American scholars in the first half of the twentieth century.
German-language philosopher. Major member of the Vienna Circle and advocate of logical positivism.